The implications of GREECE's decision to be out of European union
Financial markets around the world have been on the edge this week, as fears rise of a possible Greek exit from the euro union after Prime Minister Alexis rejected an extension to Greece $270 billion bailout program. Greece's meeting with euro zone finance ministers failed to produce a deal Wednesday, and rumours have been saying its pushed to Monday. But time is running out. Greece's current bailout program ends on Feb. 28 . During the speech in parliament Sunday, Tsipras said Greece would not extend the deadline for its bailout, putting the economy in danger of going bankrupt. The leftist premier also said he would reverse some of the measures imposed by Greece's creditors, risking the country's place in the eurozone.
The Pro's:
There are some advantages for Greece if it did end up leaving the euro zone.Bill Adams said “Greece would trade short-term pain for longer-term gain,” . If Greece leaves the euro zone, the country would be forced to impose capital controls and sharply devalue its currency,he also said . Greece would then endure high inflation and financial stress for a couple of years but would likely see stronger growth. An exit would allow Greece the freedom to devalue a new currency to make foreign trade more attractive, The crisis comes at an interesting moment for Greece. Economists expect the country’s economy to expand at a 2.5 percent to 3 percent annual rate in 2015, stronger growth than most European economies are currently experiencing, according to the Conference Board.
The Con's:
The dangers of a Greek exit from the euro zone far outweigh the positives especially in the first year.
But if Greece were to exit the euro zone, there would also be negative psychological impacts. In the short term, euro member nations would be skeptical about the future value of euros, given the fact that one highly indebted country has withdrawn from that monetary union, which could lead to possible exits from Portugal, Spain and Italy.
“The value of the euro has been a disaster for a lot of southern European countries, notably Greece, but also Spain, Portugal and Italy,” Gary Burtless, “Greece is much further into the game of integration with the rest of the euro zone than Argentina was with the United States. The analogy holds for what to expect with Greece’s export sector and eventual return to growth. Although Greece is a very small share of euro zone gross domestic product and euro zone employment, the most important impact Greece has on the rest of Europe is presence. “The concern of how Greece’s problems set for how the euro zone sorts out governance issues is an extremely important one,” Adams says.
Financial markets around the world have been on the edge this week, as fears rise of a possible Greek exit from the euro union after Prime Minister Alexis rejected an extension to Greece $270 billion bailout program. Greece's meeting with euro zone finance ministers failed to produce a deal Wednesday, and rumours have been saying its pushed to Monday. But time is running out. Greece's current bailout program ends on Feb. 28 . During the speech in parliament Sunday, Tsipras said Greece would not extend the deadline for its bailout, putting the economy in danger of going bankrupt. The leftist premier also said he would reverse some of the measures imposed by Greece's creditors, risking the country's place in the eurozone.
The Pro's:
There are some advantages for Greece if it did end up leaving the euro zone.Bill Adams said “Greece would trade short-term pain for longer-term gain,” . If Greece leaves the euro zone, the country would be forced to impose capital controls and sharply devalue its currency,he also said . Greece would then endure high inflation and financial stress for a couple of years but would likely see stronger growth. An exit would allow Greece the freedom to devalue a new currency to make foreign trade more attractive, The crisis comes at an interesting moment for Greece. Economists expect the country’s economy to expand at a 2.5 percent to 3 percent annual rate in 2015, stronger growth than most European economies are currently experiencing, according to the Conference Board.
The Con's:
The dangers of a Greek exit from the euro zone far outweigh the positives especially in the first year.
But if Greece were to exit the euro zone, there would also be negative psychological impacts. In the short term, euro member nations would be skeptical about the future value of euros, given the fact that one highly indebted country has withdrawn from that monetary union, which could lead to possible exits from Portugal, Spain and Italy.
“The value of the euro has been a disaster for a lot of southern European countries, notably Greece, but also Spain, Portugal and Italy,” Gary Burtless, “Greece is much further into the game of integration with the rest of the euro zone than Argentina was with the United States. The analogy holds for what to expect with Greece’s export sector and eventual return to growth. Although Greece is a very small share of euro zone gross domestic product and euro zone employment, the most important impact Greece has on the rest of Europe is presence. “The concern of how Greece’s problems set for how the euro zone sorts out governance issues is an extremely important one,” Adams says.
The invention of communication technology in the last decade
Introduction Organizational change has widely become an area of focus in management literature. Despite the growing significance and research, many of the attempts to generate organizational change fail. Recent studies reveal that change efforts often suffer a dismal fate . In order to ready the organization for the change, it is important to communicate the objective of the change and what is going
Communicating during the ‘move stage’: When change is being implemented, there is a lot of organizational activity. Because most of the employees are not directly involved in the change process and do not know exactly what is happening, the level of uncertainty raises and rumors appear. Thus, communication in this stage is very important and has the following objectives: to provide those not involved in the change implementation with detailed and accurate information of what is happening; to provide those involved in the process with information about their roles in the change process, as well as information about how the change will affect them, and their new roles and responsibilities; and to dismiss all the misinformation that is circulating through the organization. Because the change is beginning to have more tangible outcomes and some organizational impact, the communication should have a more specific character than in the first stage (Klein, 1996). Communicating during the ‘refreezing stage’: The primary objective during this stage is to build structures and processes that support the new ways. The communication should be centered on answering employees’ questions regarding efficiency, rewards, control and relationship roles. In this stage, the responsibility of communicating with employees shifts from the CEO and management, down the hierarchy to supervisory management. The information flow should be continuous, concrete and multi directional, so that employees have enough understanding of the personal implications the change has. Because of the inevitable misunderstandings that may occur in this stage, communication should primarily concentrate on making public the success of the change and spread the word to employees (Klein, 1996). Innovative technologies have made it easier to generate, develop, distribute and accumulate written documents, to exchange messages, work together and organize meetings despite of space and time proximity. Electronic mails, intranet and video conferences are few of the communication tools used to inform employees in relation to news and activities of organization. Few of the objectives of communication carried out during change management are as follows:
Employee Commitment: Communication studies find commitment is linked to employee voice and argumentativeness. Communication needs to be well managed so that at any time during the change process confusion is avoided through clear, accurate and honest messages, by using a variety of media with high coverage and impact (Abraham et al., 1999). Pascale (1984) assures that people committed to a vision is more important than a well thought out strategy as they successfully accelerates the change process (Larwood et al., 1995). Allen (1991) tested a model of communication sources along with commitment and perceptions of support. Allen found commitment and support comes from communication with top Sincere and effective communication styles among organization members enable members to integrate the organization through internalization of the organization’s objectives and rules by the employees. Thus, commitment of the person who works in this atmosphere increases and as the rise of job satisfaction, employee contributes to the increase of organization’s success. Uncertainty of employees during change processes will reflect on the implications for the individual employee, or the environment that employee is doing his or her work in. It comes with questions like “will I still have a job after this change”, “will I still have the same co-workers after the change”, and “can I still do perform my tasks on the same way I used to do them”. In this sense feelings of uncertainty are about the process of the change, the personal and social consequences of the change . Organizations can take measures to prevent the most negative impact of job insecurity from occurring by, by providing accurate information and enhancing communication, supplying retraining for alternative employment, and training their employees in how to cope with the stress created by job insecurity (Hartley et al., 1991; Heaney et al., 1994; Kets de Vries & Balazs, 1997). Add Feedback: Appropriate communications provide employees with feedback and reinforcement during the change which enables them to make better decisions and prepares them for the advantages and disadvantages of change (Peterson & Hicks, 1996). Figure 1 depicts the change communication model derived from the literature review. It shows the impact of various variables on communication. The level of community spirit, trust, motivation, commitment, job security and participation must be satisfied and increased so that the employees may understand the idea behind the change and address the needs competently. This gives rise to the commitment to change which finally results in successful organizational change. Future researches can be The Business & Management Review, Vol.3 Number-2, January 2013 48 test the model empirically to assess the individual role and impact of each of the variables in delivering appropriate communication. Figure 1: Change Communication Model Conclusion The literature has identified that the role played by communication during change in the business organizations is essential for successful change management. The employees are the key sources to bring about change in organizations. To encourage employees for desired change, organizations must address the apprehensions and issues related with them. Job insecurity should be decreased and a sense of community should be created so that employees may feel their responsibilities. The need for change and its advantages will motivate the staff to participate in change plan and execute it.
The impact of management communication for effective organizational performance
Effective communication is critical to any organization and can help it in many ways. In fact, communication plays a role in product development, customer relations, employee management - virtually every facet of a business' operations. Employees are a key audience because they often serve as the conduit to other audiences. If employees are informed and engaged, communications with other constituencies are likely to be strong as well.
Clear Expectations
Effective communications help to establish clear expectations for employees and, perhaps surprisingly, for customers as well. For employees, clear expectations will convey how their performance will impact the company and give them an indication of what they need to do to achieve positive feedback. For customers, clear communication can help manage their expectations about service issues or even about how best to interact with the organization.
Strong Relationships
Effective communication builds strong relationships. Trust and loyalty are key factors in any relationship and both are boosted by communication that is focused on meeting individual needs, conveying important information and providing feedback - positive and constructive. Strong relationships with external audiences also build strong solid communication about products, services and company culture and values.
Ideas and Innovation Open channels of communication can lead to new ideas and innovation in a number of areas. Employees that understand what's important to their companies can focus on making improvements and spotting OPPORTUNITIES for innovation that can help further success. When employees know their ideas will be sought after, that company leaders will have open minds and be responsive to their feedback, they're more likely to contribute their ideas. Customers also can be a source of great ideas to help improve products and services.
Customer Ambassadors The more employees know about the company, its culture, its products and services, and its response to any negative issues, the better job they can do of serving as ambassadors to the community, their friends, relatives and other business connections. Employees who feel they have a strong, positive relationship with their EMPLOYERS and trust the information they receive from their employers will be more likely to share that information with others. Employees can be a highly valued and trusted source of information about a company and its products and services.
Strong Teamwork Effective organizational communication will lead to strong teamwork and the ability for employees at all levels of the organization to work together to achieve COMPANY goals. In addition, effective organizational communication will provide employees the knowledge, structure and positive work environment they need to feel comfortable dealing with conflict and resolving issues effectively.
Background of the study
Communication is very important to the existence of human organization. The environment in which organization operate today is complex and comprises physical, cultural
psychosocial, economics, legal, political,technical and other characteristics. It is in this environment that all organization must operate their business. They must among other analysis the character of economics and social problem and acknowledge that their policies are adopted and administered in a political system where concentration of power and self-interest has to be tacked .In addition, good communication network in the FORM of postal and telecommunication has been interpreted by various meaning. Some regard it as message itself. Some feel it is the channel along which the message is passed while other term it as the cut off message, passing communication can therefore be rightly defined as the process by which information is passed between individual or organization by means of a previously agreed method (either verbal or written). In everyday life one seeks information from or passes information to them. This communication can be verbal (face to face or telephone). Written (letter, memos, reports etc) or mechanical(seconding original documents instead of transmitting the message in them). The most vital means of RECEIVING or sending information is oral communication .Osiegbu (1983:40) said that the factors that contribute to failure in implementation of organizational objectives include lack of clarity of purpose and failure in understanding of objective policies and tasks at any level by any group or individual. Failure in communication or perception clashes of INTEREST of value, gap between anticipated and actual event, degree of flexibility and capacity of organization to respond to the unexpected all those by no means are possible constraints to organizational intention but the major concern here is the breakdown in MANAGEMENT function due to no communication. In other word how “effective communication improves managerial performance”. Communication function is the means by which organized ACTIVITY is unified. The means by which social input are fed into the social systems or organization, the means by which behavior is modified, change is effected, information is made productive and goals are achieved, be it business, the military, the government and so on .In a similar FORM, communication relates to exchange of facts, opinion or emotions by two or more persons in an organization. It could be word, letters, symbols or messages in a way that one-organization member shares meaning and understanding with another. On the other hand management is the managing of a complex system of men, machine, money and the physical structure whose effective coordination is necessary in the production of a product or SERVICE that have economic value to the society. The practice of management also rest to a large extent on the role or partwhich individuals and groups in the organization play and of course the way their ACTIVITIES
are harmonized. Human beings are essentially crucial for the development growth and success of any organization for it is the human beings that get things done. The practice of management involve taking charge and streamlining the ACTIVITIES of organization member to ensure that as far as possible desired objective are ACTIVE . The ACTIVITIES are carried out by human being (personnel) and physical factors involve the equipment, tools and other material factors used to aid the achievement of the desired objective .Effective organization performance is realized when all persons and resources are synchronized, balanced and given direction whether r managerial job is ACCOUNTING, selling, designing, engineering, the managers effectiveness depends on his ability to listen and to read, or his ability to speak or write. He needs skill in his thinking across to other PEOPLE as well as skill on finding and what other PEOPLE are after. This implies that communication is needed to convey information necessary for the ongoing operation, and that it can have effect on the attitudes of PEOPLE on the organization. Therefore communication is essential for both internal and external functioning of the enterprises because it integrates the managerial function. It needs internally, include to develop plans for their
How communication technologies are helping social and Economic Development
The rage of technology offers extensive assist on diverse forms of social and economic development.
Technological improvement and Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) provides a way for improving world nations to foster economic development, increase levels of education and training, as well as address gender issues within society.
Entrepreneurship is critical for economic progress around the world. In countries such as Nigeria, Egypt and Indonesia, micro-entrepreneurs produce 38% of the gross domestic product. Analysis from the World Bank in 2011 indicates that small businesses create a disproportionate share of new JOBS. They generate new ideas, new business models, and new ways of selling goods and services.
Wireless technology and ICT infrastructure development is also vital for entrepreneurship and small business development. In many emerging nations, it is a major challenge to gain access to capital and MARKET information. Developing nations specifically do not have functioning infrastructure or much in the way of financial resources.
In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, approximately 29% of roads are paved, barely a quarter of the population has access to electricity, and there are fewer than three landlines available per 100 people. In Indonesia, 75% of the country has household incomes below $2.50 per day. The combination of poor infrastructure and poverty makes it hard for entrepreneurs to access financial resources and information.
Below is an example of how a basic form of technology – such as a simple mobile phone – has been proved to assist people to communicate with one another, access MARKET information, sell products across geographic areas, reach new consumers, enter mobile payment systems, reduce fraud and crime, and empower women and the disadvantaged.
For examples: The Self-Employed Women’s Association (Sewa) in India includes 1.1 million workers who pool their resources to improve their bargaining power. The organization sends agricultural workers daily SMSs on COMMODITY PRICES so farmers can determine the best places to sell their products. Those participating say they have been able to MARKET fruits and vegetables over wider areas, and thereby earn higher incomes.
The India-based Hand in Hand Partnership (HIHP) enables women to use mobile devices to launch businesses in the technology area. It provides mentorship, training, credit, and technical support. In Kenya, the Farmers Helpful Network (FHN) gives agricultural producers admittance to the latest research through their mobile phones. Farmers can ask questions of experts concerning crop rotation, artificial insemination, and crop insurance. This helps them improve their agricultural production and MARKETING, and enlarge their overall income.
Access to mobile technology is particularly important for females because there are 300 million fewer women globally than men who own mobile devices. Overall, there is a 21% gender gap in owning a phone worldwide, but this number rises to 23% in Africa, 24% in the Middle East, and 37% in Asia.
Wireless communications also plays an main part in education and training. In Indonesia, the Global Ready eTraining Center program has trained over 1000 students in technology services. Those enrolled get vouchers for a three-month program. More than 95% of the individuals enrolled completed the class, and 75% said the course improved their income as a result of the skills acquired in the program. A survey undertaken by the United Nations growth Program (UNDP) found that 55% of women around the world EARNED due to owning a mobile phone, and 41% increased their income and professional opportunities. Mobile payment systems represent a way to reduce the cost of financial transactions and thereby help entrepreneurs. If PEOPLE can transfer funds fast and efficiently, it becomes easier for small and medium-sized businesses to sell their products. This improves the efficiency of the marketplace and removes barriers to growth. dropping “friction” is very important in African, Asian, and Latin American financial MARKETS because barriers to financial transactions stay quite high. Only 30% of those who live in developing African nations have bank accounts .In short, mobile technology offers extensive help on various forms of social and economic development. Wireless communications broaden access to information, advance capital access, defeat geographic limitations, and expand MARKET access. With mobile phones and tablets proliferating at a significant rate, these communications tools enable women, in this case the deprived, and other individuals to access a broader range of INVESTORS, suppliers, and customers. Combined with social media platforms, people can extend their reach through mobile devices and pool resources in important ways.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effective-communication-organization-1400.html#
http://www.academia.edu/5611399/ANALYSIS_OF_THE_IMPACT_OF_EFFECTIVE_COMMUNICATION_IN_INCREASING_ORGANIZATIONAL_PRODUCTIVITY_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_NIGERIAN_BREWERY_PLC
http://www.fairobserver.com/region/africa/importance-technology-economic-and-social-development/
Introduction Organizational change has widely become an area of focus in management literature. Despite the growing significance and research, many of the attempts to generate organizational change fail. Recent studies reveal that change efforts often suffer a dismal fate . In order to ready the organization for the change, it is important to communicate the objective of the change and what is going
Communicating during the ‘move stage’: When change is being implemented, there is a lot of organizational activity. Because most of the employees are not directly involved in the change process and do not know exactly what is happening, the level of uncertainty raises and rumors appear. Thus, communication in this stage is very important and has the following objectives: to provide those not involved in the change implementation with detailed and accurate information of what is happening; to provide those involved in the process with information about their roles in the change process, as well as information about how the change will affect them, and their new roles and responsibilities; and to dismiss all the misinformation that is circulating through the organization. Because the change is beginning to have more tangible outcomes and some organizational impact, the communication should have a more specific character than in the first stage (Klein, 1996). Communicating during the ‘refreezing stage’: The primary objective during this stage is to build structures and processes that support the new ways. The communication should be centered on answering employees’ questions regarding efficiency, rewards, control and relationship roles. In this stage, the responsibility of communicating with employees shifts from the CEO and management, down the hierarchy to supervisory management. The information flow should be continuous, concrete and multi directional, so that employees have enough understanding of the personal implications the change has. Because of the inevitable misunderstandings that may occur in this stage, communication should primarily concentrate on making public the success of the change and spread the word to employees (Klein, 1996). Innovative technologies have made it easier to generate, develop, distribute and accumulate written documents, to exchange messages, work together and organize meetings despite of space and time proximity. Electronic mails, intranet and video conferences are few of the communication tools used to inform employees in relation to news and activities of organization. Few of the objectives of communication carried out during change management are as follows:
Employee Commitment: Communication studies find commitment is linked to employee voice and argumentativeness. Communication needs to be well managed so that at any time during the change process confusion is avoided through clear, accurate and honest messages, by using a variety of media with high coverage and impact (Abraham et al., 1999). Pascale (1984) assures that people committed to a vision is more important than a well thought out strategy as they successfully accelerates the change process (Larwood et al., 1995). Allen (1991) tested a model of communication sources along with commitment and perceptions of support. Allen found commitment and support comes from communication with top Sincere and effective communication styles among organization members enable members to integrate the organization through internalization of the organization’s objectives and rules by the employees. Thus, commitment of the person who works in this atmosphere increases and as the rise of job satisfaction, employee contributes to the increase of organization’s success. Uncertainty of employees during change processes will reflect on the implications for the individual employee, or the environment that employee is doing his or her work in. It comes with questions like “will I still have a job after this change”, “will I still have the same co-workers after the change”, and “can I still do perform my tasks on the same way I used to do them”. In this sense feelings of uncertainty are about the process of the change, the personal and social consequences of the change . Organizations can take measures to prevent the most negative impact of job insecurity from occurring by, by providing accurate information and enhancing communication, supplying retraining for alternative employment, and training their employees in how to cope with the stress created by job insecurity (Hartley et al., 1991; Heaney et al., 1994; Kets de Vries & Balazs, 1997). Add Feedback: Appropriate communications provide employees with feedback and reinforcement during the change which enables them to make better decisions and prepares them for the advantages and disadvantages of change (Peterson & Hicks, 1996). Figure 1 depicts the change communication model derived from the literature review. It shows the impact of various variables on communication. The level of community spirit, trust, motivation, commitment, job security and participation must be satisfied and increased so that the employees may understand the idea behind the change and address the needs competently. This gives rise to the commitment to change which finally results in successful organizational change. Future researches can be The Business & Management Review, Vol.3 Number-2, January 2013 48 test the model empirically to assess the individual role and impact of each of the variables in delivering appropriate communication. Figure 1: Change Communication Model Conclusion The literature has identified that the role played by communication during change in the business organizations is essential for successful change management. The employees are the key sources to bring about change in organizations. To encourage employees for desired change, organizations must address the apprehensions and issues related with them. Job insecurity should be decreased and a sense of community should be created so that employees may feel their responsibilities. The need for change and its advantages will motivate the staff to participate in change plan and execute it.
The impact of management communication for effective organizational performance
Effective communication is critical to any organization and can help it in many ways. In fact, communication plays a role in product development, customer relations, employee management - virtually every facet of a business' operations. Employees are a key audience because they often serve as the conduit to other audiences. If employees are informed and engaged, communications with other constituencies are likely to be strong as well.
Clear Expectations
Effective communications help to establish clear expectations for employees and, perhaps surprisingly, for customers as well. For employees, clear expectations will convey how their performance will impact the company and give them an indication of what they need to do to achieve positive feedback. For customers, clear communication can help manage their expectations about service issues or even about how best to interact with the organization.
Strong Relationships
Effective communication builds strong relationships. Trust and loyalty are key factors in any relationship and both are boosted by communication that is focused on meeting individual needs, conveying important information and providing feedback - positive and constructive. Strong relationships with external audiences also build strong solid communication about products, services and company culture and values.
Ideas and Innovation Open channels of communication can lead to new ideas and innovation in a number of areas. Employees that understand what's important to their companies can focus on making improvements and spotting OPPORTUNITIES for innovation that can help further success. When employees know their ideas will be sought after, that company leaders will have open minds and be responsive to their feedback, they're more likely to contribute their ideas. Customers also can be a source of great ideas to help improve products and services.
Customer Ambassadors The more employees know about the company, its culture, its products and services, and its response to any negative issues, the better job they can do of serving as ambassadors to the community, their friends, relatives and other business connections. Employees who feel they have a strong, positive relationship with their EMPLOYERS and trust the information they receive from their employers will be more likely to share that information with others. Employees can be a highly valued and trusted source of information about a company and its products and services.
Strong Teamwork Effective organizational communication will lead to strong teamwork and the ability for employees at all levels of the organization to work together to achieve COMPANY goals. In addition, effective organizational communication will provide employees the knowledge, structure and positive work environment they need to feel comfortable dealing with conflict and resolving issues effectively.
Background of the study
Communication is very important to the existence of human organization. The environment in which organization operate today is complex and comprises physical, cultural
psychosocial, economics, legal, political,technical and other characteristics. It is in this environment that all organization must operate their business. They must among other analysis the character of economics and social problem and acknowledge that their policies are adopted and administered in a political system where concentration of power and self-interest has to be tacked .In addition, good communication network in the FORM of postal and telecommunication has been interpreted by various meaning. Some regard it as message itself. Some feel it is the channel along which the message is passed while other term it as the cut off message, passing communication can therefore be rightly defined as the process by which information is passed between individual or organization by means of a previously agreed method (either verbal or written). In everyday life one seeks information from or passes information to them. This communication can be verbal (face to face or telephone). Written (letter, memos, reports etc) or mechanical(seconding original documents instead of transmitting the message in them). The most vital means of RECEIVING or sending information is oral communication .Osiegbu (1983:40) said that the factors that contribute to failure in implementation of organizational objectives include lack of clarity of purpose and failure in understanding of objective policies and tasks at any level by any group or individual. Failure in communication or perception clashes of INTEREST of value, gap between anticipated and actual event, degree of flexibility and capacity of organization to respond to the unexpected all those by no means are possible constraints to organizational intention but the major concern here is the breakdown in MANAGEMENT function due to no communication. In other word how “effective communication improves managerial performance”. Communication function is the means by which organized ACTIVITY is unified. The means by which social input are fed into the social systems or organization, the means by which behavior is modified, change is effected, information is made productive and goals are achieved, be it business, the military, the government and so on .In a similar FORM, communication relates to exchange of facts, opinion or emotions by two or more persons in an organization. It could be word, letters, symbols or messages in a way that one-organization member shares meaning and understanding with another. On the other hand management is the managing of a complex system of men, machine, money and the physical structure whose effective coordination is necessary in the production of a product or SERVICE that have economic value to the society. The practice of management also rest to a large extent on the role or partwhich individuals and groups in the organization play and of course the way their ACTIVITIES
are harmonized. Human beings are essentially crucial for the development growth and success of any organization for it is the human beings that get things done. The practice of management involve taking charge and streamlining the ACTIVITIES of organization member to ensure that as far as possible desired objective are ACTIVE . The ACTIVITIES are carried out by human being (personnel) and physical factors involve the equipment, tools and other material factors used to aid the achievement of the desired objective .Effective organization performance is realized when all persons and resources are synchronized, balanced and given direction whether r managerial job is ACCOUNTING, selling, designing, engineering, the managers effectiveness depends on his ability to listen and to read, or his ability to speak or write. He needs skill in his thinking across to other PEOPLE as well as skill on finding and what other PEOPLE are after. This implies that communication is needed to convey information necessary for the ongoing operation, and that it can have effect on the attitudes of PEOPLE on the organization. Therefore communication is essential for both internal and external functioning of the enterprises because it integrates the managerial function. It needs internally, include to develop plans for their
How communication technologies are helping social and Economic Development
The rage of technology offers extensive assist on diverse forms of social and economic development.
Technological improvement and Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) provides a way for improving world nations to foster economic development, increase levels of education and training, as well as address gender issues within society.
Entrepreneurship is critical for economic progress around the world. In countries such as Nigeria, Egypt and Indonesia, micro-entrepreneurs produce 38% of the gross domestic product. Analysis from the World Bank in 2011 indicates that small businesses create a disproportionate share of new JOBS. They generate new ideas, new business models, and new ways of selling goods and services.
Wireless technology and ICT infrastructure development is also vital for entrepreneurship and small business development. In many emerging nations, it is a major challenge to gain access to capital and MARKET information. Developing nations specifically do not have functioning infrastructure or much in the way of financial resources.
In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, approximately 29% of roads are paved, barely a quarter of the population has access to electricity, and there are fewer than three landlines available per 100 people. In Indonesia, 75% of the country has household incomes below $2.50 per day. The combination of poor infrastructure and poverty makes it hard for entrepreneurs to access financial resources and information.
Below is an example of how a basic form of technology – such as a simple mobile phone – has been proved to assist people to communicate with one another, access MARKET information, sell products across geographic areas, reach new consumers, enter mobile payment systems, reduce fraud and crime, and empower women and the disadvantaged.
For examples: The Self-Employed Women’s Association (Sewa) in India includes 1.1 million workers who pool their resources to improve their bargaining power. The organization sends agricultural workers daily SMSs on COMMODITY PRICES so farmers can determine the best places to sell their products. Those participating say they have been able to MARKET fruits and vegetables over wider areas, and thereby earn higher incomes.
The India-based Hand in Hand Partnership (HIHP) enables women to use mobile devices to launch businesses in the technology area. It provides mentorship, training, credit, and technical support. In Kenya, the Farmers Helpful Network (FHN) gives agricultural producers admittance to the latest research through their mobile phones. Farmers can ask questions of experts concerning crop rotation, artificial insemination, and crop insurance. This helps them improve their agricultural production and MARKETING, and enlarge their overall income.
Access to mobile technology is particularly important for females because there are 300 million fewer women globally than men who own mobile devices. Overall, there is a 21% gender gap in owning a phone worldwide, but this number rises to 23% in Africa, 24% in the Middle East, and 37% in Asia.
Wireless communications also plays an main part in education and training. In Indonesia, the Global Ready eTraining Center program has trained over 1000 students in technology services. Those enrolled get vouchers for a three-month program. More than 95% of the individuals enrolled completed the class, and 75% said the course improved their income as a result of the skills acquired in the program. A survey undertaken by the United Nations growth Program (UNDP) found that 55% of women around the world EARNED due to owning a mobile phone, and 41% increased their income and professional opportunities. Mobile payment systems represent a way to reduce the cost of financial transactions and thereby help entrepreneurs. If PEOPLE can transfer funds fast and efficiently, it becomes easier for small and medium-sized businesses to sell their products. This improves the efficiency of the marketplace and removes barriers to growth. dropping “friction” is very important in African, Asian, and Latin American financial MARKETS because barriers to financial transactions stay quite high. Only 30% of those who live in developing African nations have bank accounts .In short, mobile technology offers extensive help on various forms of social and economic development. Wireless communications broaden access to information, advance capital access, defeat geographic limitations, and expand MARKET access. With mobile phones and tablets proliferating at a significant rate, these communications tools enable women, in this case the deprived, and other individuals to access a broader range of INVESTORS, suppliers, and customers. Combined with social media platforms, people can extend their reach through mobile devices and pool resources in important ways.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effective-communication-organization-1400.html#
http://www.academia.edu/5611399/ANALYSIS_OF_THE_IMPACT_OF_EFFECTIVE_COMMUNICATION_IN_INCREASING_ORGANIZATIONAL_PRODUCTIVITY_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_NIGERIAN_BREWERY_PLC
http://www.fairobserver.com/region/africa/importance-technology-economic-and-social-development/
the invention of communication technology in the last decade
Communications technology it has been developing a lot the last 20 years it all started with invention of the first pc ever and creating email and sending it by a phone wire connection, internet ,then smart phones and social networks, and smart apps , so I am explain h one of them how the inventions.
Electronic mail : most commonly referred since "email" 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email SYSTEMS required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need CONNECT only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission.
The internet: know as World Wide Web ("WWW" or "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers CONNECTED to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a SERVICE that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.
Smart phones & devices : The first smart phone was developed by IBM and BellSouth, which came out to the public in 1993. Although basic compared to today’s standards “Simon” had a touch screen that was capable of ACCESSING email and sending faxes. Smart phones are major extensions on normal cell phones. Cell phones can make phone calls and even some have video recording capabilities but they do not have GPS capabilities along with a whole array of other APPLICATIONS. Text messaging is one of the biggest forms of communication today, especially among the younger folks. Smart phones capability does not end at the Internet access, or at document editing. Smart phones also have the ability to interpret and decipher information like that from a quick response code that may be on a product’s packaging. Smartphone users can download QR code scanners as well as other APPLICATIONS so they have the ability to read the information embedded in the QR code that may take them to a website, a coupon, or even a social media site. Smart phones are advancing at a very quick pace and some have the ability to talk to you, answer questions, turn off your lights when you are not there, open doors, and even WATCH movies.
Social network is a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who share interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his or her social links, and a variety of additional services. Social network sites are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, to create a list of users with whom to share connections, and view and cross the connections within the system. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging.
There are niche sites for virtually special interest out there.
There are sites to share photos , videos, status updates, sites for meeting new people and sites to connect with old friends.
It seems there are social solutions to just about every need.
In this article, we’ll review the history and evolution of social media from its humble beginings to the present day.
Mobile app is a computer program designed to run on smart phones, tablet computer . Apps are usually available through application distribution platform, which began appearing in 2008 and are typically operated by the owner of the mobile operating system, such as the Apple App Store, Google Play, Windows Phone Store, and black berry app world . Some apps are free, while others must be bought. Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be downloaded to laptops or desktop computers. For apps with a price, generally a percentage, 20-30%, goes to the distribution provider (such as iTunes), and the rest goes to the producer of the app. The same app can therefore cost the average Smartphone user a different price depending on whether they use I Phone, Android, or BlackBerry 10 devices.
The difference between Augmented reality and Virtual reality
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology or a surrounding where the added information generated by a computer is inserted into the user’s view of real world scene, Examples of it in shopping and T.V ,etc.
1. Topshop Kinect Dressing Rooms
2. IKEA AR catalogue
3. The news ,stock market shows on T.V
4. Say duck Furniture visualizer
http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/augmented-reality/10-examples-augmented-reality-retail/
Virtual Reality (VR) is all about the making of a virtual world that users can relate with. This virtual world should be intended in such a way that users would find it hard to tell the difference from what is real and what is not. Immersive, semi-immersive, non- immersive, main example of it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJiCt_VYxPY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZbO2tPvCc4
1. Topshop Kinect Dressing Rooms
2. IKEA AR catalogue
3. The news ,stock market shows on T.V
4. Say duck Furniture visualizer
http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/augmented-reality/10-examples-augmented-reality-retail/
Virtual Reality (VR) is all about the making of a virtual world that users can relate with. This virtual world should be intended in such a way that users would find it hard to tell the difference from what is real and what is not. Immersive, semi-immersive, non- immersive, main example of it.
- Military applications
- Advertising
- Sport
- The arts
- Architecture
- Construction
- Entertainment
- Medicine
- Hollywood movies
- Online Games
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJiCt_VYxPY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZbO2tPvCc4